Channelopathies as a genetic cause of epilepsy

Abstract

<h4>Purpose of review</h4>This review describes the significant number of new gene associations with epilepsy syndromes that have emerged during the past year, together with additional mutations and new electrophysiological data relating to previously known gene associations.<h4>Recent findings</h4>Autosomal dominant juvenile myoclonic epilepsy was demonstrated to be a channelopathy associated with a GABA(A) receptor, alpha1 subunit mutation. Benign familial neonatal infantile seizures were delineated as another channelopathy of infancy, by molecular characterization of sodium channel, alpha2 subunit defects. A sodium channel, alpha2 subunit defect was previously found to be associated with generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus. Similarly, the clinical spectrum associated with potassium channel, KQT-like mutations was extended to include the channelopathy myokymia and neonatal epilepsy. Mutations in the non-ion channel genes, leucine-rich, glioma inactivated 1 gene and Aristaless related homeobox gene, have emerged as important causes of their specific syndromes, with mutations in the latter gene frequently underlying X-linked mental retardation with epilepsy.<h4>Summary</h4>All but one of the idiopathic epilepsies with a known molecular basis are channelopathies. Where the ion channel defects have been identified, however, they generally account for a minority of families and sporadic cases with the syndrome in question. The data suggest that ion channel mutations of large effect are a common cause of rare monogenic idiopathic epilepsies, but are rare causes of common epilepsies. Additive effects of genetic variation, perhaps within the same ion channel gene families, are likely to underlie the common idiopathic generalized epilepsies with complex inheritance. The genetics of epilepsy is progressing rapidly toward a more detailed molecular dissection and definition of syndromes.