Mutagenesis and chemical cross-linking suggest that Wzz dimer stability and oligomerization affect lipopolysaccharide O-antigen modal chain length control

Abstract

In Shigella flexneri, the polysaccharide copolymerase (PCP) protein WzzSF confers a modal length of 10 to 17 repeat units (RUs) to the O-antigen (Oag) component of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). PCPs form oligomeric structures believed to be related to their function. To identify functionally important regions within WzzSF, random in-frame linker mutagenesis was used to create mutants with 5-amino-acid insertions (termed Wzzi proteins), and DNA sequencing was used to locate the insertions. Analysis of the resulting LPS conferred by Wzzi proteins identified five mutant classes. The class I mutants were inactive, resulting in nonregulated LPS Oag chains, while classes II and III conferred shorter LPS Oag chains of 2 to 10 and 8 to 14 RUs, respectively. Class IV mutants retained near-wild-type function, and class V mutants increased the LPS Oag chain length to 16 to 25 RUs. In vivo formaldehyde cross-linking indicated class V mutants readily formed high-molecular-mass oligomers; however, class II and III Wzzi mutants were not effectively cross-linked. Wzz dimer stability was also investigated by heating cross-linked oligomers at 100°C in the presence of SDS. Unlike the WzzSF wild type and class IV and V Wzzi mutants, the class II and III mutant dimers were not detectable. The location of each insertion was mapped onto available PCP three-dimensional (3D) structures, revealing that class V mutations were most likely located within the inner cavity of the PCP oligomer. These data suggest that the ability to produce stable dimers may be important in determining Oag modal chain length.