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https://hdl.handle.net/2440/61350
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Type: | Journal article |
Title: | Meta-analysis of free-response studies, 1992-2008: assessing the noise reduction model in parapsychology |
Author: | Storm, L. Tressoldi, P. Di Risio, L. |
Citation: | Psychological Bulletin, 2010; 136(4):471-485 |
Publisher: | Amer Psychological Assoc |
Issue Date: | 2010 |
ISSN: | 0033-2909 1939-1455 |
Statement of Responsibility: | Lance Storm, Patrizio E. Tressoldi and Lorenzo Di Risio |
Abstract: | We report the results of meta-analyses on 3 types of free-response study: (a) ganzfeld (a technique that enhances a communication anomaly referred to as "psi"); (b) nonganzfeld noise reduction using alleged psi-enhancing techniques such as dream psi, meditation, relaxation, or hypnosis; and (c) standard free response (nonganzfeld, no noise reduction). For the period 1997-2008, a homogeneous data set of 29 ganzfeld studies yielded a mean effect size of 0.142 (Stouffer Z = 5.48, p = 2.13 x 10(-8)). A homogeneous nonganzfeld noise reduction data set of 16 studies yielded a mean effect size of 0.110 (Stouffer Z = 3.35, p = 2.08 x 10(-4)), and a homogeneous data set of 14 standard free-response studies produced a weak negative mean effect size of -0.029 (Stouffer Z = -2.29, p = .989). The mean effect size value of the ganzfeld database was significantly higher than the mean effect size of the standard free-response database but was not higher than the effect size of the nonganzfeld noise reduction database [corrected].We also found that selected participants (believers in the paranormal, meditators, etc.) had a performance advantage over unselected participants, but only if they were in the ganzfeld condition. |
Keywords: | ESP free response ganzfeld meta-analysis psi noise reduction model parapsychology |
Rights: | © 2010 American Psychological Association |
DOI: | 10.1037/a0019457 |
Published version: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0019457 |
Appears in Collections: | Aurora harvest Psychology publications |
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